01
Metabolic Research
Retatrutide
LY3437943 · Triple GLP-1 / GIP / Glucagon Agonist
A triple receptor agonist simultaneously targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon pathways. Phase 2 trials demonstrated up to 24% mean body weight reduction at 48 weeks. Phase 3 TRIUMPH-1 topline results (May 2026) confirmed powerful weight loss, with the broader TRIUMPH program also evaluating cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic outcomes. FDA submission anticipated.
References (25)
- 1.Jastreboff AM et al. NEJM 2023. Retatrutide phase II in obesity.↗
- 2.Rosenstock J et al. Lancet 2023. Retatrutide phase 2 in T2D.↗
- 3.Sanyal AJ et al. Nat Med 2024. Retatrutide in MASH (phase 2a).↗
- 4.Eli Lilly press release, May 21 2026. TRIUMPH-1 phase 3 pivotal obesity topline results.↗
- 5.TRIUMPH-OSA phase III program. Sleep apnea substudy.
- 6.ClinicalTrials.gov retatrutide pipeline + Lilly FY2025 filings. TRIUMPH program status May 2026.
- 7.Aggregated r/retatrutide + gray-market user reports 2024–2026. n≈5,000+ self-reports.
- 8.Doggrell SA. Retatrutide: a novel and potent triple agonist for obesity and diabetes. 2023.↗
- 9.The Triple-Agonist Revolution: Retatrutide and the Paradigm Shift in Obesity Pharmacotherapy. 2025 perspective.↗
- 10.Giblin J et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2026. TRIUMPH program rationale and design.↗
- 11.Tetelbaun L et al. Cardiol Rev 2024. Retatrutide as first triple agonist for antiobesity therapy.↗
- 12.Melson E et al. Int J Obes 2025. Pipeline review of future obesity medications including retatrutide.↗
- 13.Drucker DJ. Diabetes Care 2024. Review of GLP-1 medicines for type 2 diabetes and obesity.↗
- 14.Multi-omic profiling reveals retatrutide alleviates adipose tissue fibrosis via metabolic reprogramming. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2026.↗
- 15.Triple Hormone Receptor Agonism: Retatrutide in CKM Syndrome. Comprehensive review, May 2026.↗
- 16.GIPR:GCGR co-agonism restores normal weight in obese rodents. Mol Metab 2026.↗
- 17.Sanyal AJ et al. Nat Med 2024. Retatrutide and liver fat in MASLD, substudy.↗
- 18.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05929066. TRIUMPH-1 obesity phase 3 registry.↗
- 19.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05929079. TRIUMPH-2 in type 2 diabetes with obesity or overweight.↗
- 20.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06383390. TRIUMPH-Outcomes cardiovascular and kidney outcomes registry.↗
- 21.Moiz A et al. Ann Intern Med 2025. Systematic review of GLP-1 weight-loss RCTs in non-diabetics.↗
- 22.Xie Y et al. Metabolism 2024. Network meta-analysis ranking seven GLP-1 agonists and polyagonists.↗
- 23.Sinha R & Ghosal S. Obesity 2025. Bayesian network meta-analysis of weight-loss agents.↗
- 24.Wang X et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2025. Meta-analysis of GLP-1 therapies on MASLD and MASH.↗
- 25.Neff LA. Diabetes Obes Metab 2025. Narrative review of glucagon signalling in cardio-kidney-metabolic disease.↗
02
Metabolic Research
Tirzepatide
LY3298176 · Dual GIP / GLP-1 Agonist
A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist with robust efficacy across the SURPASS Phase 3 clinical program. Widely supplied to compounding facilities for individualized formulation protocols. Studied extensively for glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, visceral fat reduction, and cardiometabolic outcomes.
References (31)
- 1.Jastreboff AM et al. NEJM 2022. SURMOUNT-1 trial.↗
- 2.Garvey WT et al. Lancet 2023. SURMOUNT-2 in T2D + obesity.↗
- 3.Wadden TA et al. Nat Med 2023. SURMOUNT-3 intensive lifestyle.↗
- 4.Aronne LJ et al. NEJM 2025. SURMOUNT-5 head-to-head vs semaglutide.↗
- 5.Frías JP et al. NEJM 2021. SURPASS-2 in T2D.↗
- 6.Eli Lilly Q3 and FY2025 earnings reports. Tirzepatide revenue and market cap data.
- 7.Lilly and US Government joint announcement, Nov 2025. Medicare GLP-1 Bridge and BALANCE access update.↗
- 8.Lilly February 2026. KwikPen approval + TOGETHER-PsO topline. Label expansion progress.
- 9.Malhotra A et al. NEJM 2024. SURMOUNT-OSA: tirzepatide for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity.↗
- 10.Comparative efficacy of tirzepatide and GLP-1 RAs on cardiovascular outcomes. 2026 network meta-analysis.↗
- 11.Lincoff AM et al. NEJM 2025. SURPASS-CVOT: cardiovascular outcomes vs dulaglutide in T2D + ASCVD.↗
- 12.Packer M et al. NEJM 2024. SUMMIT: tirzepatide in HFpEF with obesity.↗
- 13.Aronne LJ et al. JAMA 2024. SURMOUNT-4: continued treatment maintains weight reduction; withdrawal causes regain.↗
- 14.Loomba R et al. NEJM 2024. SYNERGY-NASH: tirzepatide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.↗
- 15.le Roux CW et al. Obesity 2023. SURMOUNT clinical development program design.↗
- 16.Samms RJ et al. J Clin Invest 2021. GIPR agonism mediates weight-independent insulin sensitization in obese mice.↗
- 17.Ixekizumab with tirzepatide vs ixekizumab alone in psoriatic arthritis and obesity. Arthritis Rheumatol 2026.↗
- 18.SURPASS-SWITCH subgroup: switching from dulaglutide to tirzepatide across baseline characteristics in T2D.↗
- 19.Tirzepatide as adjunct to insulin in T1D and overweight/obesity: systematic review of RCT and real-world evidence.↗
- 20.Effect of tirzepatide on health-related QOL in Japanese patients: SURMOUNT-J patient-reported outcomes.↗
- 21.DailyMed. Official US tirzepatide (Zepbound) prescribing information.↗
- 22.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04184622. SURMOUNT-1 trial registry.↗
- 23.Wadden TA et al. Nat Med 2023. SURMOUNT-3 after intensive lifestyle intervention.↗
- 24.Aronne LJ et al. JAMA 2024. SURMOUNT-4 randomized withdrawal trial.↗
- 25.FDA press announcement 2024. FDA approves first medication for obstructive sleep apnea.↗
- 26.FDA FAERS Public Dashboard. Postmarketing adverse-event reports for tirzepatide.↗
- 27.NCBI Bookshelf / NICE evidence review. Tirzepatide for managing overweight and obesity.↗
- 28.Stefanakis K et al. Metabolism 2024. Lean-mass loss during weight-loss pharmacotherapy: narrative review.↗
- 29.Rochira V et al. Diseases 2024. Systematic review of tirzepatide body-composition RCTs.↗
- 30.Kang YM et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2025. Systematic analysis of 38 incretin-mimetic placebo-controlled trials.↗
- 31.Horn DB et al. JAMA Intern Med 2026. SURMOUNT-4 post hoc: cardiometabolic change after withdrawal.↗
03
Regenerative Research
GHK-Cu
Copper Peptide · Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine
A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide with well-characterized roles in skin and connective tissue remodeling. Stimulates dermal fibroblast proliferation, regulates matrix metalloproteinases, and promotes collagen and elastin synthesis. Extensively studied in wound healing, dermatology, and cellular longevity research.
References (28)
- 1.Bossak-Ahmad K et al. Int J Mol Sci 2020. Copper affinity established.↗
- 2.Abdulghani AA et al. Dis Manag Clin Outcomes 1998. Topical copper peptide photoaging trial.
- 3.Multicenter fractional laser resurfacing trial, 2024. Post-procedure topical GHK-Cu.
- 4.Japanese topical hair density trial, 2025. GHK-Cu for hair density.
- 5.FDA 503A Compounding Quality Center of Excellence 2023. Compounding restrictions.
- 6.Campbell JD et al. Genome Medicine 2012. GHK gene expression signature in emphysema-related lung destruction and its reversal.↗
- 7.FDA Bulk Drug Substances 503A, updated April 22 2026. Injectable GHK-Cu removed from category 2; PCAC consultation before Feb 2027.↗
- 8.Pickart L, Margolina A. Int J Mol Sci 2018. Regenerative and protective actions of GHK-Cu in light of new gene data.↗
- 9.Pickart L et al. Biomed Res Int 2015. GHK peptide as natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration.↗
- 10.Arul V et al. Life Sci 2007. GHK-incorporated collagen matrices for diabetic wound healing.↗
- 11.GHK-Cu delays aging in C. elegans via mitochondrial function and DAF-16/SKN-1 pathway activation. Biogerontology 2026.↗
- 12.GHK-Cu attenuates CuSO4/LPS-induced inflammation in zebrafish larvae. Eur J Pharmacol 2026.↗
- 13.Microenvironment-responsive injectable hydrogel with GHK-Cu for radiation-induced skin injury repair. Bioact Mater 2026.↗
- 14.Therapeutic peptides in gerontology: mechanisms and applications for healthy aging. Front Aging 2026.↗
- 15.Ogorek R et al. Molecules 2025. Modern review of liposomal GHK-Cu skin permeation limits.↗
- 16.Greco A et al. Bioconjug Chem 2025. HA-GHK copper conjugate antioxidant and angiogenic assays.↗
- 17.Mulder GD et al. Wound Repair Regen 1994. Multicenter randomized diabetic ulcer trial with copper tripeptide.↗
- 18.Simeon A et al. J Invest Dermatol 2000. Copper peptide and rat wound proteoglycan modulation.↗
- 19.Simeon A et al. J Invest Dermatol 1999. Copper peptide and wound MMP expression.↗
- 20.Simeon A et al. Life Sci 2000. GHK-Cu effects on fibroblast MMP-2 and TIMP.↗
- 21.Hostynek JJ et al. Inflamm Res 2010. Copper peptide penetration into human skin layers.↗
- 22.Mazurowska L, Mojski M. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009. GHK-Cu transport through stratum-corneum model.↗
- 23.Pickart L. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2008. Review of GHK and tissue remodeling.↗
- 24.Mortazavi SM et al. BioImpacts 2024. Review of topical GHK as anti-wrinkle peptide.↗
- 25.Lee WJ et al. Ann Dermatol 2016. Randomized trial of 5-ALA plus GHK on hair growth.↗
- 26.Liu T et al. Bioactive Materials 2024. Ionic-liquid microemulsion for topical peptide delivery.↗
- 27.Pickart L et al. BioMed Res Int 2014. GHK gene-modulation analysis via Connectivity Map.↗
- 28.Yang X et al. Macromol Biosci 2022. Copper-peptide hydrogel scaffold for diabetic wounds.↗
04
Regenerative Research
BPC-157
Body Protection Compound · PL-10 · Pentadecapeptide
A synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a sequence within human gastric juice protein. Preclinical studies document significant activity in tendon, ligament, and gastrointestinal mucosal repair through angiogenic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Among the most extensively researched peptides in musculoskeletal and gut healing literature.
References (36)
- 1.Chang CH et al. J Appl Physiol 2011. BPC-157 promotes tendon healing via outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration.↗
- 2.Sikirić P et al. Dig Dis Sci 1997. BPC-157 interactions with adrenergic and dopaminergic systems in stress mucosal protection.↗
- 3.FDA Compounding Quality Center of Excellence, Oct 2023. BPC-157 excluded from 503A bulks list.
- 4.WADA 2022 Prohibited List update. BPC-157 added under S0 (non-approved substances).
- 5.Aggregated Reddit + forum sentiment, r/peptides + r/bodybuilding 2019–2026. n≈5,000+ self-reported user experiences.
- 6.Piotrowicz B. STAT / Undark, Feb 2026. Critical review of BPC-157 research quality.↗
- 7.Lee E, Burgess K. Altern Ther Health Med 2025. IV BPC-157 safety pilot.↗
- 8.Sikiric P et al. Pharmaceuticals 2025. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC-157 as a therapy and safety key.↗
- 9.Xu C et al. 2020. Preclinical toxicity/safety assessment of BPC-157.↗
- 10.Sikiric P et al. 2025. BPC-157 in remote organ ischemia/reperfusion injury.↗
- 11.FDA Bulk Drug Substances 503A, updated April 22 2026. BPC-157 removed from category 2; PCAC consultation July 23 2026.↗
- 12.Lee R, Burgess W. Altern Ther Health Med 2025. First controlled IV BPC-157 human safety pilot.↗
- 13.Vasireddi N et al. HSS J 2025. Systematic review of BPC-157 in orthopaedic sports medicine.↗
- 14.Cerovecki T et al. J Orthop Res 2010. BPC-157 improves ligament healing in rats.↗
- 15.Brcic L et al. J Physiol Pharmacol 2009. BPC-157 modulates angiogenesis during muscle and tendon healing in rats.↗
- 16.Huang T et al. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015. BPC-157 enhances alkali-burn wound healing in vivo and promotes proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vitro.↗
- 17.Seiwerth S et al. Front Pharmacol 2021. Review of BPC-157 and wound healing across preclinical models.↗
- 18.Seiwerth S et al. Curr Pharm Des 2014. BPC-157 and blood vessels.↗
- 19.Yuan C et al. Int J Mol Sci 2026. Review of BPC-157 putative analgesic mechanism by US pain-medicine authors.↗
- 20.Sikiric P et al. Pharmaceuticals 2026. BPC-157 cytoprotection across hemorrhage and thrombosis models.↗
- 21.FDA compounding safety list. BPC-157 safety concerns in compounding.↗
- 22.Sikiric P et al. Curr Med Chem 2023. BPC-157 review on vascular and collateral-pathway repair.↗
- 23.Klicek R et al. J Pharmacol Sci 2008. BPC-157 in rat colocutaneous fistula healing.↗
- 24.Grgic T et al. Eur J Pharmacol 2016. BPC-157 in rat colovesical fistula healing.↗
- 25.Japjec M et al. Biomedicines 2021. Myotendinous junction healing with BPC-157.↗
- 26.Masnec S et al. Exp Eye Res 2015. BPC-157 in corneal perforation healing.↗
- 27.Lazic R et al. Coll Antropol 2005. BPC-157 and corneal epithelial defect healing in rats.↗
- 28.Sikiric P et al. Curr Pharm Des 2020. BPC-157 review on fistula and wound-healing models.↗
- 29.Mateescu DM et al. Pharmaceutics 2026. Drug-development review of BPC-157 translational gaps.↗
- 30.Mayfield CK et al. Am J Sports Med 2026. Orthopaedic primer on injectable peptide therapy.↗
- 31.Gwyer D et al. Cell Tissue Res 2019. Review of BPC-157 in soft-tissue healing.↗
- 32.Staresinic M et al. J Orthop Res 2003. Rat Achilles transection healed faster with BPC-157.↗
- 33.Lee E et al. Altern Ther Health Med 2024. Uncontrolled n=12 pilot in interstitial cystitis.↗
- 34.Tudor M et al. Regul Pept 2010. Mouse traumatic brain injury attenuated by BPC-157.↗
- 35.Gjurasin M et al. Regul Pept 2010. Rat transected sciatic nerve regenerated faster with BPC-157.↗
- 36.Perovic D et al. J Orthop Surg Res 2019. Rat spinal cord injury with functional recovery using BPC-157.↗
05
Regenerative Research
TB-500
Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment (17–23) · Ac-LKKTETQ
A synthetic 17-amino acid fragment of Thymosin Beta-4 corresponding to its actin-sequestering domain. Promotes cellular migration, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling in preclinical models. Research applications span tendon and muscle repair, cardiac regeneration, and anti-fibrotic activity.
References (24)
- 1.WADA TB-500 metabolism research, ongoing from 2014. Human metabolism characterization.↗
- 2.Various Tβ4 wound healing studies. Full thymosin beta-4 preclinical research.
- 3.WADA 2026 Prohibited List, class S2. Current WADA status.
- 4.Aggregated r/peptides + gray-market user reports, 2017–2026. User-reported outcomes.
- 5.Sosne G, Qiu P, Kurpakus-Wheater M. 2018. Thymosin beta-4 and the eye: bench to bedside.↗
- 6.Sosne G et al. 2023. Thymosin beta-4 adjunctive treatment in bacterial keratitis.↗
- 7.Sosne G, Kleinman HK. 2016. Thymosin beta-4 in neurotrophic keratopathy and ocular surface disease.↗
- 8.FDA Bulk Drug Substances 503A, updated April 22 2026. TB-500 removed from category 2; PCAC consultation July 23 2026.↗
- 9.Goldstein AL et al. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide — basic properties and clinical applications.↗
- 10.Bock-Marquette I et al. Int Immunopharmacol 2023. Thymosin beta-4 in regenerative therapies.↗
- 11.Smart N et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007. Thymosin beta-4 is essential for coronary vessel development and promotes neovascularization via adult epicardium.↗
- 12.Guarnera G et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007. Prospective randomized topical thymosin beta-4 venous-ulcer study design.↗
- 13.Goldstein AL et al. Trends Mol Med 2005. Thymosin beta-4 and tissue repair.↗
- 14.Sosne G et al. Clin Ophthalmol 2007. Thymosin beta-4 in ocular surface wound healing.↗
- 15.Sosne G et al. Exp Eye Res 2001. Thymosin beta-4 promotes corneal wound healing.↗
- 16.Philp D et al. J Cell Physiol 2006. Thymosin beta-4 modulates MMPs and repair pathways.↗
- 17.Xu W et al. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013. Dimeric thymosin beta-4 accelerated dermal wound healing in rats.↗
- 18.Zhu T et al. Int J Mol Med 2014. Thymosin beta-4 and palatal mucosa wound healing in rats.↗
- 19.Ho EN et al. J Chromatogr A 2012. TB-500 identified as acetylated thymosin beta-4 fragment LKKTETQ.↗
- 20.Esposito S et al. Drug Test Anal 2012. Mass-spec identification of Ac-LKKTETQ fragment in TB-500.↗
- 21.Gonzalez-Franquesa A et al. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021. Thymosin beta-4 mouse intervention: no muscle or metabolic benefit observed.↗
- 22.Treadwell T et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012. Review of thymosin beta-4 dermal healing across animal models plus phase 2 ulcer data.↗
- 23.Sosne G & Ousler GW. Clin Ophthalmol 2015. Phase II dry-eye RCT: thymosin beta-4 well tolerated, no adverse events.↗
- 24.Kwok WH et al. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013. Equine plasma assay detecting TB-500 after subcutaneous dosing.↗
06
Hormonal / GH Research
Tesamorelin
GHRH(1–44)-trans-3-hexenoic acid · Egrifta
A stabilized synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). FDA-approved for HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Stimulates pulsatile GH release and subsequent IGF-1 production. Research interest includes visceral adiposity reduction, metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
References (28)
- 1.Falutz J et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010. Pooled phase III analysis.↗
- 2.Theratechnologies press release, March 25 2025. Egrifta WR FDA approval.↗
- 3.Egrifta WR FDA label 2025. Prescribing information.↗
- 4.Aggregated peptide clinic and biohacker reports 2019–2026. Off-label use patterns.
- 5.Stanley TL et al. 2014. Tesamorelin reduces visceral adiposity and hepatic fat.↗
- 6.Stanley TL et al. 2020. Tesamorelin-associated hepatic transcriptomic signatures.↗
- 7.Ellis RJ et al. J Infect Dis 2025. Tesamorelin and neurocognitive impairment in people with HIV.↗
- 8.Badran AS et al. Obes Res Clin Pract 2026. Meta-analysis of tesamorelin in HIV-associated lipodystrophy.↗
- 9.Falutz J et al. NEJM 2007. Metabolic effects of tesamorelin in HIV patients with abdominal fat.↗
- 10.Stanley TL et al. Clin Infect Dis 2012. Visceral adiposity reduction associated with improved metabolic profile in HIV patients.↗
- 11.Falutz J et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010. Tesamorelin in HIV: randomized placebo-controlled trial with safety extension.↗
- 12.Mendias CL et al. Sports Med 2026. Review covering tesamorelin, BPC-157, sermorelin, GHK, and others.↗
- 13.DailyMed Egrifta SV label. Tesamorelin prescribing information.↗
- 14.DailyMed Egrifta WR label. Newer tesamorelin formulation prescribing information.↗
- 15.Falutz J et al. AIDS 2005. Dose-ranging trial of tesamorelin in HIV abdominal fat accumulation.↗
- 16.Falutz J et al. AIDS 2008. Long-term tesamorelin in HIV-associated abdominal fat accumulation.↗
- 17.Falutz J et al. JCEM 2010. Pooled analysis of two multicenter phase 3 tesamorelin trials.↗
- 18.Stanley TL et al. JAMA 2014. Tesamorelin, visceral fat, and liver fat in HIV abdominal fat accumulation.↗
- 19.Dhillon S. Drugs 2011. Tesamorelin drug review.↗
- 20.Spooner LM, Olin JL. Ann Pharmacother 2012. Tesamorelin review for HIV lipodystrophy.↗
- 21.FDA FAERS Public Dashboard. Postmarketing adverse-event reports for tesamorelin.↗
- 22.LiverTox Tesamorelin. Hepatic safety monograph.↗
- 23.Makimura H et al. 2012. RCT in non-HIV abdominally obese adults with low GH.↗
- 24.Baker LD et al. 2012. RCT of GHRH on cognition in older adults and MCI.↗
- 25.Stanley TL et al. 2019. RCT of tesamorelin on liver fat in HIV.↗
- 26.Russo SC et al. 2024. RCT subset in HIV patients on integrase inhibitors.↗
- 27.Clemmons DR et al. 2017. RCT of tesamorelin safety in type 2 diabetes.↗
- 28.Dhillon S. 2011. Review of two phase III HIV-lipodystrophy trials.↗
07
Hormonal / GH Research
Ipamorelin
NNC 26-0161 · Pentapeptide GHRP
A fifth-generation, highly selective growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP). Induces clean, discrete GH pulses without elevating cortisol or prolactin — unlike earlier GHRPs. Frequently studied in combination with GHRH analogs for synergistic GH axis stimulation, lean mass, and sleep architecture research.
References (18)
- 1.Raun K et al. Eur J Endocrinol 1998. Ipamorelin foundational paper.↗
- 2.WADA 2026 Prohibited List, class S2. Current WADA status.
- 3.Helsinn/Sapphire Therapeutics phase 2 trials, mid-2000s. Postoperative ileus program.
- 4.Aggregated peptide clinic + gray-market reports 2015–2026. User outcomes.
- 5.Greenwood-Van Meerveld B et al. 2009. Ipamorelin in a rodent model of postoperative ileus.↗
- 6.Andersen NB et al. 2001. Ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid catabolism in bone and muscle.↗
- 7.Greenwood-Van Meerveld B et al. 2016. Efficacy of ipamorelin on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus.↗
- 8.FDA PCAC October 29, 2024 meeting summary. Advisory committee voted against ipamorelin 503A inclusion.↗
- 9.Gobburu JVS et al. Pharm Res 1999. Ipamorelin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in human volunteers.↗
- 10.Beck DE et al. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014. Ipamorelin in postoperative ileus.↗
- 11.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00672074. Ipamorelin postoperative ileus trial registry.↗
- 12.FDA compounding safety list. Ipamorelin acetate safety concerns in compounding.↗
- 13.Gobburu JV et al. Pharm Res 1999. Phase-1 PK/PD modeling of ipamorelin GH release in healthy men.↗
- 14.Mayfield CK et al. Am J Sports Med 2026. Narrative review of injectable peptide therapy for sports-medicine physicians.↗
- 15.Baldelli R et al. Endocrine 2001. Review of GH secretagogues as diagnostic tools.↗
- 16.Sinha DK et al. Transl Androl Urol 2020. Review of GH secretagogues for body composition in hypogonadal men.↗
- 17.Svensson J et al. J Endocrinol 2000. Rat study: ipamorelin and GHRP-6 increase bone mineral content.↗
- 18.Johansen PB et al. Growth Horm IGF Res 1999. Rat study: ipamorelin induces longitudinal bone growth.↗
08
Neuroprotective Research
Semax
Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro · ACTH(4–10) Heptapeptide
A synthetic heptapeptide analog of the ACTH/MSH (4–10) sequence. Preclinical and Russian clinical data document neuroprotective, nootropic, and neurotrophin-modulating effects. Research focuses on BDNF and NGF upregulation, VEGF expression in neural tissue, and cognitive enhancement mechanisms under hypoxic conditions.
References (25)
- 1.Eremin KO et al. 2005. Semax, an ACTH(4-10) analogue with nootropic properties, activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents.↗
- 2.Dolotov OV et al. J Neurochem 2006. Semax binds specifically and increases BDNF in the rat basal forebrain.↗
- 3.Eremin KO et al. 2005. Modulation of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems by Semax in rat brain.↗
- 4.Kost NV et al. Bioorg Khim 2001. Semax and Selank inhibit enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum.↗
- 5.Gusev EI et al. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 2018. Efficacy of Semax in ischemic stroke recovery: Russian clinical trial.↗
- 6.Russian Pharmacological Committee 2011. Inclusion of Semax on the Russian Vital & Essential Drugs List.↗
- 7.FDA Bulk Drug Substances 503A, updated April 22 2026. Semax removed from category 2; PCAC consultation July 24 2026.↗
- 8.Lebedeva IS et al. 2018. Semax effects on the default mode network in humans.↗
- 9.Medvedeva EV et al. 2014. Semax-regulated gene expression after cerebral ischemia.↗
- 10.Semax targets the μ opioid receptor gene Oprm1 to promote spinal cord injury recovery. 2025.↗
- 11.Radchenko AI et al. 2025. Semax and its derivative for correcting pathological impairment in Alzheimer's disease model (APPswe/PS1dE9).↗
- 12.Agapova TY et al. Neurosci Lett 2007. Neurotrophin gene expression in rat brain under action of Semax.↗
- 13.Medvedeva EV et al. Mol Genet Genomics 2017. Semax regulates immune response gene expression during ischemic brain injury in rats.↗
- 14.Sudarkina OY et al. Int J Mol Sci 2021. Brain protein expression confirms protective effect of Semax in rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model.↗
- 15.Gusev EI et al. 2005. Semax in prevention of disease progression in cerebrovascular insufficiency.↗
- 16.Dolotov OV et al. Brain Res 2006. Semax effects on BDNF/TrkB in hippocampus.↗
- 17.Bashkatova VG et al. Brain Res 2001. Semax, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation in cerebral ischemia.↗
- 18.Silachev DN et al. Neurosci Behav Physiol 2009. Semax and spatial-memory recovery after ischemic prefrontal injury.↗
- 19.Astashkin EI et al. Dokl Biol Sci 2001. Semax and human neutrophil respiratory burst.↗
- 20.Shadrina MS et al. Neurosci Lett 2001. Semax induces BDNF and NGF mRNA in rat glial cultures.↗
- 21.Shadrina MS et al. J Mol Neurosci 2010. Semax time-course on NGF/BDNF expression in rat brain.↗
- 22.Ashmarin IP et al. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat 1997. 15-year review of the nootropic ACTH(4-10) analog Semax.↗
- 23.Gusev EI et al. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr 1997. Semax during acute hemispheric ischemic stroke.↗
- 24.Filippenkov IB et al. Genes (Basel) 2020. Semax transcriptome effects after rat ischemia-reperfusion.↗
- 25.Tsai SJ. Med Hypotheses 2007. Hypothesis paper proposing Semax for ADHD and Rett syndrome.↗
09
Melanocortin Research
PT-141
Bremelanotide · Cyclic Lactam MC3R/MC4R Agonist
A cyclic melanocortin receptor agonist (MC3R/MC4R) derived from Melanotan II. The FDA-approved formulation (Vyleesi) is indicated for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. Ongoing research investigates its central mechanisms on sexual arousal, appetite regulation, and inflammation via the melanocortin system.
References (28)
- 1.FDA NDA 210557 review, 2019. Vyleesi approval documentation.↗
- 2.Palatin Technologies clinical history. Intranasal program halted 2007.
- 3.Sildenafil non-responder phase II. Male ED study.
- 4.Vyleesi Prescribing Information, Cosette Pharmaceuticals. Current FDA-approved labeling.↗
- 5.Bremelanotide: First Approval. Drugs 2019. Approval context review.↗
- 6.Simon JA et al. 2019. Long-term safety and efficacy of bremelanotide open-label extension.↗
- 7.Kingsberg SA et al. 2019. Phase III bremelanotide efficacy paper.↗
- 8.Clayton AH et al. 2022. Safety profile of bremelanotide across development.↗
- 9.Palatin Technologies, June 2024. Phase 2 study of bremelanotide co-administered with PDE5i for ED.↗
- 10.Diamond LE et al. Int J Impot Res 2004. Phase 1 safety, PK, and PD of intranasal PT-141 in men with mild-to-moderate ED.↗
- 11.Diamond LE et al. Urology 2005. Intranasal PT-141 + sildenafil produces enhanced erectile response in men with ED.↗
- 12.Molinoff PB et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003. PT-141, a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction.↗
- 13.Pfaus & Balon. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2026. Should bremelanotide be considered for male sexual arousal and desire disorders?↗
- 14.FDA-approved drugs containing D-amino acids including bremelanotide: historical and developmental perspective. Drug Dev Res 2026.↗
- 15.DailyMed Vyleesi label. Bremelanotide prescribing information.↗
- 16.Clayton AH et al. Womens Health 2016. Phase 2b dose-finding bremelanotide trial.↗
- 17.Diamond LE et al. Int J Impot Res 2004. Intranasal PT-141 in healthy men and ED patients.↗
- 18.Rosen RC et al. Int J Impot Res 2004. Subcutaneous PT-141 in male erectile response.↗
- 19.Edinoff AN et al. Neurol Int 2022. Bremelanotide and HSDD clinical review.↗
- 20.LiverTox Bremelanotide. Hepatic safety monograph.↗
- 21.FDA FAERS Public Dashboard. Postmarketing adverse-event reports for bremelanotide.↗
- 22.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01382719. Bremelanotide phase 2b trial registry.↗
- 23.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04943068. Bremelanotide phase 3 bridging trial registry.↗
- 24.Simon JA et al. 2022. RECONNECT phase 3 integrated and subgroup efficacy analysis.↗
- 25.Koochaki P et al. 2021. RECONNECT exit survey of treated premenopausal women.↗
- 26.Weinberger JM et al. 2018. Meta-analysis of placebo effect in female sexual dysfunction.↗
- 27.Althof S et al. 2019. Phase 2b dose-ranging responder analysis of bremelanotide.↗
- 28.Bardhan M et al. 2025. Review of melanocortin-receptor polymorphism and function.↗
10
Melanocortin Research
Melanotan II
MT-2 · Cyclic [Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH Analog
A non-selective cyclic melanocortin receptor agonist (MC1R–MC4R) originally developed at the University of Arizona as a photoprotective compound. Broad MC receptor activation has generated research interest across skin pigmentation, sexual function, and appetite modulation pathways. The structural precursor to FDA-approved Bremelanotide.
References (30)
- 1.Hadley ME, Hruby VJ et al. University of Arizona, 1980s–1990s. Original MT-2 research.
- 2.Lan E et al. 1994. MT-2 preformulation studies as a potential chemopreventive.↗
- 3.Hjuler KF, Bygum A. Acta Derm Venereol 2014. First MT-2 melanoma case report.↗
- 4.Hadler E et al. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022. Observational study of online α-MSH products.↗
- 5.Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Scenesse approval, 2019. Related compound (afamelanotide) FDA approval.
- 6.Aggregated regulatory warnings (FDA, MHRA, TGA, EMA, etc.) 2007–2026. International consumer warnings.
- 7.Bonchev A. 2026. Changes in oral mucosa associated with melanotan II injections.↗
- 8.Mallory CW et al. 2021. Priapism associated with melanotan use.↗
- 9.Unregulated melanotan use promoted via social media: emerging dermatologic and public health risks. 2026.↗
- 10.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2025. Anterior maxilla mucosal malignant melanoma after melanotan II nasal-spray use.↗
- 11.Paurobally D et al. Br J Dermatol 2011. Melanotan-associated melanoma case report.↗
- 12.Wessells H et al. J Urol 1998. Placebo-controlled study of melanotan II in erectile dysfunction.↗
- 13.Cardones AR, Grichnik JM. Arch Dermatol 2009. α-MSH-induced eruptive nevi case report.↗
- 14.Dorr RT et al. Life Sci 1996. Phase 1 melanotan II pigmentation and tolerability in human volunteers.↗
- 15.Reid C et al. Ir Med J 2013. Atypical melanocytic naevi following melanotan injection.↗
- 16.Adler NR et al. Australas J Dermatol 2017. Unregulated melanotan-II use is of public health interest to Australian dermatologists.↗
- 17.Therapeutic Goods Administration 2025. Do not risk using tanning products containing melanotan.↗
- 18.Wessells H et al. Int J Impot Res 2000. Melanotan II in male erectile dysfunction.↗
- 19.Wessells H et al. Urology 2000. Melanotan II in organic erectile dysfunction.↗
- 20.Melanocortin receptors and penile erection. Melanocortin receptor mechanism review.↗
- 21.Dreyer BA et al. BMJ Case Rep 2019. Priapism after melanotan injection.↗
- 22.Gilhooley E et al. Dermatology 2021. Online melanotan II user discussion and risky practices.↗
- 23.Burian E, Burian P. Lakartidningen 2013. Eruptive and dysplastic nevi after products marketed as melanotan II.↗
- 24.Callaghan DJ. Dermatol Online J 2018. Underground melanotan market snapshot.↗
- 25.Dorr RT et al. Life Sci 1996. Phase I pilot — 5 subcutaneous doses produced measurable tanning.↗
- 26.Wessells H et al. Urology 2000. Crossover RCT: erections and higher sexual desire vs placebo.↗
- 27.Wang J et al. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2007. Rat study: reduced food intake via paraventricular nucleus.↗
- 28.Ong S, Bowling J. Australas J Dermatol 2012. Case report of melanotan-associated melanoma in situ.↗
- 29.Habbema L et al. Int J Dermatol 2017. Review of cutaneous complications from unregulated melanotan I and II.↗
- 30.Peters B et al. CEN Case Rep 2020. Renal infarction after melanotan II: case report and review.↗
11
Metabolic Research
MOTS-c
Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide · mtDNA-Encoded 16-mer
Encoded by a short open reading frame within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide that translocates to the nucleus under metabolic stress to regulate gene expression. Preclinical research documents AMPK pathway activation, improved insulin sensitivity, and reduced diet-induced obesity. Study focus spans metabolic homeostasis, skeletal muscle bioenergetics, and cellular aging.
References (8)
- 1.MOTS-c Functionally Prevents Metabolic Disorders. Review of AMPK-mediated metabolic effects.↗
- 2.MOTS-c: A promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation.↗
- 3.Mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c: effects and mechanisms related to stress, metabolism and aging.↗
- 4.The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes homeostasis in aged human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Mitochondrion 2021.↗
- 5.MOTS-c improves intrinsic muscle mitochondrial bioenergetic health and efficiency in a PGC-1α/AMPK-dependent manner.↗
- 6.MOTS-c: A novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolism.↗
- 7.The correlation between mitochondrial derived peptide (MDP) and metabolic states: a systematic review and meta-analysis.↗
- 8.Lee C et al. Cell Metab 2015. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance.
12
Regenerative Research
SS-31
Elamipretide · Mitochondria-Targeted Tetrapeptide
A synthetic tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and selectively stabilizes cardiolipin, supporting electron transport chain efficiency and reducing reactive oxygen species production. Studied in Phase 2/3 clinical trials for Barth syndrome, primary mitochondrial myopathy, and heart failure. Preclinical research spans cardiac, renal, pulmonary, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction.
References (8)
- 1.Reid Thompson W et al. Genet Med 2021. Phase 2/3 randomized trial and open-label extension of elamipretide in Barth syndrome.
- 2.Application research of novel peptide mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant SS-31 in mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction.↗
- 3.The mitochondrially targeted peptide elamipretide (SS-31) improves ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria via the adenine nucleotide translocator.↗
- 4.SS-31 treatment ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial morphology and defective mitophagy in a murine model of Barth syndrome. Sci Rep 2024.↗
- 5.Elamipretide (SS-31) attenuates idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the Nrf2-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages.↗
- 6.Molecular mechanism of action of mitochondrial therapeutic SS-31 (elamipretide): membrane interactions and effects on surface electrostatics.↗
- 7.Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31.↗
- 8.FRDA Investigator Initiated Study (IIS) with Elamipretide. ClinicalTrials.gov protocol summary.↗
13
Longevity Research
Epithalon
Epitalon · Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG) Tetrapeptide
A synthetic tetrapeptide developed from the amino acid composition of epithalamin, a bovine pineal gland extract. Russian preclinical and long-term clinical research documents geroprotective, antioxidant, and neuroendocrine effects, including reported upregulation of telomerase activity and modulation of circadian melatonin production. Study focus spans pineal gland regulation, telomere biology, and age-related cardiovascular outcomes.
References (8)
- 1.Overview of Epitalon — highly bioactive pineal tetrapeptide with promising properties.↗
- 2.Khavinson VK, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA. Bull Exp Biol Med 2003. Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells.↗
- 3.Al-Dulaimi S et al. Biogerontology 2025. Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity.
- 4.Korkushko OV, Khavinson VK, Shatilo VB et al. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006. Geroprotective effect of epithalamine in elderly subjects with accelerated aging.↗
- 5.Korkushko OV et al. Bull Exp Biol Med 2004. Effect of peptide preparation epithalamin on circadian rhythm of epiphyseal melatonin-producing function in elderly people.
- 6.Khavinson VK, Konovalov SS, Yuzhakov VV et al. Bull Exp Biol Med 2001. Modulating effects of epithalamin and epithalon on functional morphology of the spleen in old pinealectomized rats.
- 7.Khavinson VK, Razumovsky MI, Trofimova SV, Razumovskaya AM. Bull Exp Biol Med 2003. Retinoprotective effect of epithalon in Campbell rats of various ages.
- 8.Epitalon overview. St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology research program.↗
14
Melanocortin Research
KPV
α-MSH(11–13) · C-Terminal Tripeptide
The C-terminal tripeptide fragment of α-MSH, retaining anti-inflammatory activity independent of classical melanocortin receptor signaling. Preclinical research shows KPV inhibits NF-κB and MAP kinase inflammatory pathways and is transported into cells via the PepT1 peptide transporter, giving it rare oral activity for a peptide. Study focus centers on inflammatory bowel disease models and mucosal inflammation.
References (8)
- 1.Kannengiesser K et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease.↗
- 2.Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides.↗
- 3.Dalmasso G et al. Gastroenterology 2008. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation.↗
- 4.Maaser C, Kannengiesser K, Lügering A et al. Gastroenterology 2005 (abstract). Successful treatment of murine colitis with the tripeptide KPV.
- 5.Terminal Signal: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Related Peptides Beyond the Pharmacophore.↗
- 6.Hiltz ME, Lipton JM. FASEB J 1989. Antiinflammatory activity of a COOH-terminal fragment of the neuropeptide alpha-MSH.
- 7.Maser C, Bettenworth D, Lügering A et al. Z Gastroenterol 2006. Therapeutic use of the tripeptide K(D)PT in the murine DSS model.
- 8.Getting SJ. Pharmacol Ther 2006. Targeting melanocortin receptors as potential novel therapeutics.
15
Immune Research
Thymosin Alpha 1
Tα1 · Thymalfasin
A 28-amino-acid thymic peptide studied for its immunomodulatory effects on T-cell maturation and function. Multiple randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have investigated Tα1 as adjunctive therapy in sepsis, with mixed results across trial populations. Approved outside the United States under the name Zadaxin for select immune-deficient and infectious disease indications. Research interest spans critical care immunology and host-defense modulation.
References (10)
- 1.Immunotherapy — a potential new way forward in the treatment of sepsis.↗
- 2.The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial.↗
- 3.Effect of continuous blood purification and thymosin alpha1 on the cellular immunity in patients with severe sepsis: prospective randomized controlled trial.↗
- 4.Efficacy of thymosin α1 for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.↗
- 5.Thymosin alpha1 based immunomodulatory therapy for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.↗
- 6.The efficacy of thymosin α1 as immunomodulatory treatment for sepsis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Infect Dis 2016.↗
- 7.The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.↗
- 8.Thymosin alpha1 based immunomodulatory therapy for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis.↗
- 9.Garaci E et al. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024. Phenotypic drug discovery: a case for thymosin alpha-1.
- 10.Regulatory history: thymosin alpha 1 marketed outside the United States as Zadaxin for select immune-deficient and infectious disease indications.
16
Hormonal / GH Research
CJC-1295
Modified GRF (1–29) · Long-Acting GHRH Analog
A synthetic analog of the first 29 residues of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), the minimal sequence required for full receptor activity. The DAC-conjugated formulation binds covalently to albumin, extending its half-life to several days and producing sustained GH and IGF-1 elevation compared to native GHRH. Frequently studied alongside GHRP-class secretagogues such as Ipamorelin for synergistic GH axis stimulation.
References (8)
- 1.Teichman SL et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006. Prolonged stimulation of GH and IGF-I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, in healthy adults.↗
- 2.Alba M et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295 normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse.↗
- 3.Prolonged Stimulation of Growth Hormone and IGF-I Secretion by CJC-1295 — full JCEM record.↗
- 4.FDA Bulk Drug Substances 503A dossier. CJC-1295 regulatory classification status.
- 5.PubChem CID 56841945. CJC-1295 compound reference data.
- 6.Simultaneous detection of GHRH analogs (sermorelin, CJC-1293, CJC-1295, tesamorelin) from human plasma by immunoaffinity purification and LC-MS/MS.
- 7.FDA-2024-N-4777-0002 regulatory docket. CJC-1295 / Modified GRF (1-29) bulk drug substance nomination attachment.↗
- 8.Aggregated peptide clinic and gray-market user reports, 2015–2026. Off-label CJC-1295 / ipamorelin combination use patterns.
17
Neuroprotective Research
Selank
Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro · Tuftsin Analog Heptapeptide
A synthetic heptapeptide analog of tuftsin, an immunomodulatory fragment of immunoglobulin G, extended for enhanced metabolic stability. Russian clinical research documents anxiolytic and mild nootropic effects comparable to benzodiazepine tranquilizers, without associated dependence or memory impairment. Study focus includes GABA receptor modulation, enkephalin protection, and resting-state brain connectivity.
References (8)
- 1.Peptide-based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological Activity.↗
- 2.Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new peptide anxiolytic selank in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorders and neurasthenia.↗
- 3.Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects.↗
- 4.Peptide Selank Enhances the Effect of Diazepam in Reducing Anxiety in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Conditions in Rats. Behav Neurol 2017.↗
- 5.Selank, a peptide analogue of tuftsin, protects against ethanol-induced memory impairment via BDNF regulation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in rats.
- 6.Medvedev VE, Koliutskaia EV, Andriushchenko AV. Comparison of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of selank and phenazepam in non-psychotic anxiety disorders.
- 7.Zozulya AA et al. Doklady Biological Sciences. Selank study on compensation of disturbed psychic and homeostatic functions in monkeys.↗
- 8.Regulatory status: Selank is not FDA-approved and is sold as a research compound in the United States.
18
Neuroprotective Research
Oxytocin
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 · Nonapeptide Hormone
A cyclic nonapeptide neurohormone synthesized in the hypothalamus, historically known for its role in uterine contraction and lactation and FDA-approved as Pitocin for labor induction. Beyond its peripheral endocrine roles, oxytocin acts centrally as a neuromodulator, with extensive research into social bonding, trust, anxiety regulation, and prosocial behavior. Clinical research spans social anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and stress-response modulation, though effects are consistently described as context- and individual-dependent.
References (8)
- 1.Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E. Nature 2005. Oxytocin increases trust in humans.↗
- 2.The role of oxytocin in social bonding, stress regulation and mental health: an update on the moderating effects of context and interindividual differences.↗
- 3.Oxytocin and social functioning. Review of therapeutic potential in social anxiety disorder.↗
- 4.Clinical trial of modulatory effects of oxytocin treatment on higher-order social cognition in autism spectrum disorder: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial.↗
- 5.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05968651. Social Safety Learning in the Brain Oxytocin System — Phase 2, social anxiety disorder.↗
- 6.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01939639. The Influence of Oxytocin on the Processing of Social Contact.↗
- 7.Registered replication study of Kosfeld et al. 2005: no effect of oxytocin on trusting behaviour found under matched experimental conditions.
- 8.FDA-approved labeling (Pitocin). Oxytocin prescribing information for labor induction and postpartum hemorrhage.
19
Melanocortin Research
Melanotan I
Afamelanotide · [Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH Tridecapeptide
A linear 13-amino-acid analog of α-MSH that selectively activates MC1R on melanocytes to stimulate genuine eumelanin production. More receptor-selective than Melanotan II, it does not significantly activate MC3R or MC4R and is therefore not associated with the sexual arousal or appetite effects seen with its non-selective counterpart. FDA-approved as Scenesse for erythropoietic protoporphyria, a rare disorder causing extreme photosensitivity. Research also spans hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory melanocortin signaling.
References (8)
- 1.Afamelanotide, an agonistic analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, in dermal phototoxicity of erythropoietic protoporphyria.↗
- 2.Mitigating photosensitivity of erythropoietic protoporphyria patients by an agonistic analog of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone.↗
- 3.Evaluation of the immunogenicity of afamelanotide (Scenesse®) in erythropoietic protoporphyria patients by ELISA.↗
- 4.Afamelanotide for prevention of phototoxicity in erythropoietic protoporphyria. Review of chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and clinical data.↗
- 5.Langendonk JG et al. NEJM 2015. Afamelanotide for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria.↗
- 6.Luger TA, Böhm M. J Invest Dermatol 2015. An α-MSH analog in erythropoietic protoporphyria.↗
- 7.Afamelanotide is associated with dose-dependent protective effect from liver damage related to erythropoietic protoporphyria.↗
- 8.FDA approval, October 2019. Scenesse (afamelanotide) for erythropoietic protoporphyria. Australian TGA approval, October 2020.
